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CYCLOIDEA-like  genes are involved in the symmetry gene network, limiting cell proliferation in the dorsal regions of bilateral flowers in core eudicots.  CYC-like  and closely related  TCP  genes (acronym for  TEOSINTE BRANCHED1, CYCLOIDEA , and  PROLIFERATION CELL FACTOR ) have been poorly studied in Asparagales, the largest order of monocots that includes both bilateral flowers in Orchidaceae (ca. 25.000 spp) and radially symmetrical flowers in Hypoxidaceae (ca. 200 spp). With the aim of assessing  TCP  gene evolution in the Asparagales, we isolated  TCP-like  genes from publicly available databases and our own transcriptomes of  Cattleya trianae  (Orchidaceae) and  Hypoxis decumbens  (Hypoxidaceae). Our matrix contains 452 sequences representing the three major clades of  TCP  genes. Besides the previously identified  CYC  specific core eudicot duplications, our ML phylogenetic analyses recovered an early  CIN-like  duplication predating all angiosperms, two  CIN-like  Asparagales-specific duplications and a duplication prior to the diversification of Orchidoideae and Epidendroideae. In addition, we provide evidence of at least three duplications of  PCF-like  genes in Asparagales. While  CIN-like  and  PCF-like  genes have multiplied in Asparagales, likely enhancing the genetic network for cell proliferation,  CYC-like  genes remain as single, shorter copies with low expression. Homogeneous expression of  CYC-like  genes in the labellum as well as the lateral petals suggests little contribution to the bilateral perianth in  C. trianae .  CIN-like  and  PCF-like  gene expression suggests conserved roles in cell proliferation in leaves, sepals and petals, carpels, ovules and fruits in Asparagales by comparison with previously reported functions in core eudicots and monocots. This is the first large scale analysis of  TCP-like  genes in Asparagales that will serve as a platform for in-depth functional studies in emerging model monocots.

Evolution and Expression Patterns of TCP Genes in Asparagales