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Most Gram-negative plant pathogenic bacteria translocate effector proteins (T3Es) directly into plant cells via a conserved type III secretion system, which is essential for pathogenicity in susceptible plants. In resistant plants, recognition of some T3Es is mediated by corresponding resistance ( R ) genes or R proteins and induces effector triggered immunity (ETI) that often results in programmed cell death reactions. The identification of  R  genes and understanding their evolution/distribution bears great potential for the generation of resistant crop plants. We focus on T3Es from  Xanthomonas campestris  pv.  vesicatoria  ( Xcv ), the causal agent of bacterial spot disease on pepper and tomato plants. Here, 86  Solanaceae  lines mainly of the genus  Nicotiana  were screened for phenotypical reactions after  Agrobacterium tumefaciens -mediated transient expression of 21 different  Xcv  effectors to (i) identify new plant lines for T3E characterization, (ii) analyze conservation/evolution of putative  R  genes and (iii) identify promising plant lines as repertoire for  R  gene isolation. The effectors provoked different reactions on closely related plant lines indicative of a high variability and evolution rate of potential  R  genes. In some cases, putative  R  genes were conserved within a plant species but not within superordinate phylogenetical units. Interestingly, the effector XopQ was recognized by several  Nicotiana  spp. lines, and  Xcv  infection assays revealed that XopQ is a host range determinant in many  Nicotiana  species. Non-host resistance against  Xcv  and XopQ recognition in  N. benthamiana  required  EDS1 , strongly suggesting the presence of a TIR domain-containing XopQ-specific R protein in these plant lines. XopQ is a conserved effector among most xanthomonads, pointing out the XopQ-recognizing R xopQ  as candidate for targeted crop improvement.

Non-host Resistance Induced by the Xanthomonas Effector XopQ Is Widespread within the Genus Nicotiana and Functionally Depends on EDS1