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Root hairs are tubular outgrowths that originate from epidermal cells. Exposure of  Arabidopsis  to cadmium (Cd) and arsenic [arsenite, As(III)] increases root hair density and length. To examine the underlying mechanism, we measured the expression of genes involved in fate determination and morphogenesis of root hairs. Cd and As(III) downregulated  TTG1  and  GL2  (negative regulators of fate determination) and upregulated  GEM  (positive regulator), suggesting that root hair fate determination is stimulated by Cd and As(III). Cd and As(III) increased the transcript levels of genes involved in root hair initiation ( RHD6  and  AXR2 ) and root hair elongation ( AUX1 ,  AXR1 ,  ETR1 , and  EIN2 ) except  CTR1. DR5 :: GUS  transgenic  Arabidopsis  showed a higher  DR5  expression in the root tip, suggesting that Cd and As(III) increased the auxin content in the root tip. Knockdown of  TTG1  in  Arabidopsis  resulted in increased root hair density and decreased root hair length compared with the control (Col-0) on 1/2 MS media. This phenotype may be attributed to the downregulation of  GL2  and  CTR1  and upregulation of  RHD6 . By contrast,  gem  mutant plants displayed a decrease in root hair density and length with reduced expression of  RHD6 ,  AXR2 ,  AUX1 ,  AXR1 ,  ETR1 ,  CTR1 , and  EIN2 . Taken together, our results indicate that fate determination, initiation, and elongation of root hairs are stimulated in response to Cd and As(III) through the modulation of the expression of genes involved in these processes in  Arabidopsis .

frontiers in plant science

The Density and Length of Root Hairs Are Enhanced in Response to Cadmium and Arsenic by Modulating Gene Expressions Involved in Fate Determination and Morphogenesis of Root Hairs in Arabidopsis