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Brassica juncea  (A j A j B j B j ), is an allotetraploid that arose from two diploid species,  B. rapa  (A r A r ) and  B. nigra  (B n B n ). It is an old oilseed crop with unique favorable traits, but the genetic improvement on this species is limited. We developed an approach to broaden its genetic base within several generations by intensive selection. The A r  subgenome from the Asian oil crop  B. rapa  (A r A r ) and the B c  subgenome from the African oil crop  B. carinata  (B c B c C c C c ) were combined in a synthesized allohexaploid (A r A r B c B c C c C c ), which was crossed with traditional  B. juncea  to generate pentaploid F 1  hybrids (A r A j B c B j C c ), with subsequent self-pollination to obtain newly synthesized  B. juncea  (A r/j A r / j B c/j B c / j ). After intensive cytological screening and phenotypic selection of fertility and agronomic traits, a population of new-type  B. juncea  was obtained and was found to be genetically stable at the F 6  generation. The new-type  B. juncea  possesses good fertility and rich genetic diversity and is distinctly divergent but not isolated from traditional  B. juncea , as revealed by population genetic analysis with molecular markers. More than half of its genome was modified, showing exotic introgression and novel variation. In addition to the improvement in some traits of the new-type  B. juncea  lines, a considerable potential for heterosis was observed in inter-subgenomic hybrids between new-type  B. juncea  lines and traditional  B. juncea  accessions. The new-type  B. juncea  exhibited a stable chromosome number and a novel genome composition through multiple generations, providing insight into how to significantly broaden the genetic base of crops with subgenome introgression from their related species and the potential of exploring inter-subgenomic heterosis for hybrid breeding.

frontiers in plant science

Introgressing Subgenome Components from Brassica rapa and B. carinata to B. juncea for Broadening Its Genetic Base and Exploring Intersubgenomic Heterosis