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Nitric oxide (NO) has emerged as a signaling molecule in plants being involved in diverse physiological processes like germination, root growth, stomata closing and response to biotic and abiotic stress.  S -nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) as a biological NO donor has a very important function in NO signaling since it can transfer its NO moiety to other proteins ( trans -nitrosylation). Such  trans -nitrosylation reactions are equilibrium reactions and depend on GSNO level. The breakdown of GSNO and thus the level of  S -nitrosylated proteins are regulated by GSNO-reductase (GSNOR). In this way, this enzyme controls  S -nitrosothiol levels and regulates NO signaling. Here we report that  Arabidopsis thaliana  GSNOR activity is reversibly inhibited by H 2 O 2   in vitro  and by paraquat-induced oxidative stress  in vivo . Light scattering analyses of reduced and oxidized recombinant GSNOR demonstrated that GSNOR proteins form dimers under both reducing and oxidizing conditions. Moreover, mass spectrometric analyses revealed that H 2 O 2 -treatment increased the amount of oxidative modifications on Zn 2+ -coordinating Cys47 and Cys177. Inhibition of GSNOR results in enhanced levels of  S -nitrosothiols followed by accumulation of glutathione. Moreover, transcript levels of redox-regulated genes and activities of glutathione-dependent enzymes are increased in  gsnor-ko  plants, which may contribute to the enhanced resistance against oxidative stress. In sum, our results demonstrate that reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent inhibition of GSNOR is playing an important role in activation of anti-oxidative mechanisms to damping oxidative damage and imply a direct crosstalk between ROS- and NO-signaling.

ROS-Mediated Inhibition of S-nitrosoglutathione Reductase Contributes to the Activation of Anti-oxidative Mechanisms