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Melatonin serves pleiotropic functions in prompting plant growth and resistance to various stresses. The accurate biosynthetic pathway of melatonin remains elusive in plant species, while the  N -acetyltransferase and  O -methyltransferase were considered to be the last two key enzymes during its biosynthesis. To investigate the biosynthesis and metabolic pathway of melatonin in plants, the RNA-seq profile of overexpression of the ovine  HIOMT  was analyzed and compared with the previous transcriptome of transgenic  oAANAT  gene in switchgrass, a model plant for cellulosic ethanol production. A total of 946, 405, and 807 differentially expressed unigenes were observed in  AANAT  vs. control,  HIOMT  vs. control, and  AANAT  vs.  HIOMT , respectively. Two hundred and seventy-five upregulated and 130 downregulated unigenes were detected in transgenic  oHIOMT  line comparing with control, including the significantly upregulated (F-box/kelch-repeat protein, zinc finger BED domain-containing protein-3) genes, which were potentially correlated with enhanced phenotypes of shoot, stem and root growth in transgenic  oHIOMT  switchgrass. Several stress resistant related genes (SPX domain-containing membrane protein, copper transporter 1, late blight resistance protein homolog R1A-6 OS etc.) were specifically and significantly upregulated in transgenic  oHIOMT  only, while metabolism-related genes (phenylalanine-4-hydroxylase, tyrosine decarboxylase 1, protein disulfide-isomerase and galactinol synthase 2 etc.) were significantly upregulated in transgenic  oAANAT  only. These results provide new sights into the biosynthetic and physiological functional networks of melatonin in plants.

Comparative Transcriptomic Analyses of Differentially Expressed Genes in Transgenic Melatonin Biosynthesis Ovine HIOMT Gene in Switchgrass