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In this study, we investigated the barley yellow mosaic virus (BaYMV, genus  Bymovirus ) factor(s) responsible for breaking eIF4E-mediated recessive resistance genes ( rym4 / 5 / 6 ) in barley. Genome mapping analysis using chimeric infectious cDNA clones between  rym5 -breaking (JT10) and  rym5 -non-breaking (JK05) isolates indicated that genome-linked viral protein (VPg) is the determinant protein for breaking the  rym5  resistance. Likewise, VPg is also responsible for overcoming the resistances of  rym4  and  rym6  alleles. Mutational analysis identified that amino acids Ser-118, Thr-120, and His-142 in JT10 VPg are the most critical residues for overcoming  rym5  resistance in protoplasts. Moreover, the  rym5 -non-breaking JK05 could accumulate in the  rym5  protoplasts when eIF4E derived from a susceptible barley cultivar was expressed from the viral genome. Thus, the compatibility between VPg and host eIF4E determines the ability of BaYMV to infect barley plants.

Barley Yellow Mosaic Virus VPg Is the Determinant Protein for Breaking eIF4E-Mediated Recessive Resistance in Barley Plants