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Extensive subfunctionalization might explain why so many genes have been maintained after gene duplication, which provides the engine for gene family expansion. However, it is still a particular challenge to trace the evolutionary dynamics and features of functional divergences in a supergene family over the course of evolution. In this study, we identified 49 Glutathione  S -transferase (GST) genes from the  Capsella rubella , a close relative of  Arabidopsis thaliana  and a member of the mustard family.  Capsella  GSTs can be categorized into eight classes, with tau and phi GSTs being the most numerous. The expansion of the two classes mainly occurs through tandem gene duplication, which results in tandem-arrayed gene clusters on chromosomes. By integrating phylogenetic analysis, expression patterns, and biochemical functions of  Capsella  and  Arabidopsis  GSTs, functional divergence, both in gene expression and enzymatic properties, were clearly observed in paralogous gene pairs in  Capsella  (even the most recent duplicates), and orthologous GSTs in  Arabidopsis / Capsella . This study provides functional evidence for the expansion and organization of a large gene family in closely related species.

Genome-Wide Analysis of the Glutathione S-Transferase Gene Family in Capsella rubella: Identification, Expression, and Biochemical Functions