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Plant innate immunity serves as a surveillance system by providing the first line of powerful weapons to fight against pathogen attacks. Beneficial microorganisms and Microbial-Associated Molecular Patterns might act as signals to trigger this immunity.  Burkholderia phytofirmans  PsJN, a highly efficient plant beneficial endophytic bacterium, promotes growth in a wide variety of plants including grapevine. Further, the bacterium induces plant resistance against abiotic and biotic stresses. However, no study has deciphered triggered-mechanisms during the tripartite interaction between grapevine,  B. phytofirmans  PsJN and  Botrytis cinerea . Herein, we showed that in contrast with classical rhizobacteria, which are restricted in the root system and act through ISR,  B. phytofirmans  PsJN is able to migrate until aerial part and forms at leaves surface a biofilm around  B. cinerea  mycelium to restrict the pathogen. Nevertheless, considering the endophytic level of PsJN in leaves, the plant protection efficacy of  B. phytofirmans  PsJN could not be explained solely by its direct antifungal effect. Deeper investigations showed a callose deposition, H 2 O 2  production and primed expression of  PR1, PR2, PR5 , and  JAZ  only in bacterized-plantlets after pathogen challenge. The presence of PsJN modulated changes in leaf carbohydrate metabolism including gene expression, sugar levels, and chlorophyll fluorescence imaging after  Botrytis  challenge. Our findings indicated that protection induced by  B. phytofirmans  PsJN was multifaceted and relied on a direct antifungal effect, priming of defense mechanisms as well as the mobilization of carbon sources in grapevine leaf tissues.

frontiers in plant science

Burkholderia phytofirmans PsJN Confers Grapevine Resistance against Botrytis cinerea via a Direct Antimicrobial Effect Combined with a Better Resource Mobilization