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Isolated thylakoids from halophytic  Eutrema salsugineum  ( Thellungiella salsuginea ) produces more H 2 O 2  in comparison to glycophytic  Arabidopsis thaliana . The first objective of this study was to verify whether this feature is relevant also to the intact chloroplasts and leaves. Enhanced H 2 O 2  levels in chloroplasts and leaves of  E. salsugineum  were positively verified with several methods (electron microscopy, staining with Amplex Red and with diaminobenzidine). This effect was associated with a decreased ratio ofO  2  •–    /H 2 O 2  in  E. salsugineum  in comparison to  A. thaliana  as detected by electron paramagnetic resonance method. As a next step, we tested how this specific ROS signature of halophytic species affects the antioxidant status and down-stream components of ROS signaling. Comparison of enzymatic antioxidants revealed a decreased activity of ascorbate peroxidase (APX), enhanced activity of glutathione peroxidase, and the presence of thylakoid-bound forms of iron superoxide dismutase (FeSOD) and APX in  E. salsugineum . These cues were, however, independent from application of salt stress. The typical H 2 O 2 -dependent cellular responses, namely the levels of glucosinolates and stress-related hormones were determined. The total glucosinolate content in  E. salsugineum  water-treated leaves was higher than in  A. thaliana  and increased after salinity treatment. Treatment with salinity up-regulated all of tested stress hormones, their precursors and catabolites [abscisic acid (ABA), dihydrophaseic acid, phaseic acid, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid, salicylic acid, jasmonic acid,  cis -(+)-12-oxo-phytodienoic acid and jasmonoyl- L -isoleucine] in  A. thaliana , whereas in  E. salsugineum  only a stimulation in ethylene synthesis and ABA catabolism was noted. Obtained results suggest that constitutively enhanced H 2 O 2  generation in chloroplasts of  E. salsugineum  might be a crucial component of stress-prepardeness of this halophytic species. It shapes a very efficient antioxidant protection (in which glucosinolates might play a specific role) and a fine tuning of hormonal signaling to suppress the cell death program directed by jasmonate pathway.

frontiers in plant science

A Different Pattern of Production and Scavenging of Reactive Oxygen Species in Halophytic Eutrema salsugineum (Thellungiella salsuginea) Plants in Comparison to Arabidopsis thaliana and Its Relation to Salt Stress Signaling