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Switchgrass is one of the most promising energy crops and only recently has been employed for biofuel production. The draft genome of switchgrass was recently released; however, relatively few switchgrass genes have been functionally characterized. CENH3, the major histone protein found in centromeres, along with canonical H3 and other histones, plays an important role in maintaining genome stability and integrity. Despite their importance, the histone  H3  genes of switchgrass have remained largely uninvestigated. In this study, we identified 17 putative switchgrass histone  H3  genes  in silico . Of these genes, 15 showed strong homology to histone  H3  genes including six  H3.1  genes, three  H3.3  genes, four  H3.3-like  genes and two  H3.1-like  genes. The remaining two genes were found to be homologous to  CENH3 . RNA-seq data derived from lowland cultivar Alamo and upland cultivar Dacotah allowed us to identify SNPs in the histone  H3  genes and compare their differential gene expression. Interestingly, we also found that overexpression of switchgrass histone  H3  and  CENH3  genes in  N. benthamiana  could trigger cell death of the transformed plant cells. Localization and deletion analyses of the histone  H3  and  CENH3  genes revealed that nuclear localization of the N-terminal tail is essential and sufficient for triggering the cell death phenotype. Our results deliver insight into the mechanisms underlying the histone-triggered cell death phenotype and provide a foundation for further studying the variations of the histone  H3  and  CENH3  genes in switchgrass.

Identification and Characterization of Switchgrass Histone H3 and CENH3 Genes