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Hedgehog dogtail ( Cynosurus echinatus ) is an annual grass, native to Europe, but also widely distributed in North and South America, South Africa, and Australia. Two hedgehog dogtail biotypes, one diclofop-methyl (DM)-resistant and one DM-susceptible were studied in detail for experimental dose-response resistance mechanisms. Herbicide rates that inhibited shoot growth by 50% (GR 50 ) were determined for DM, being the resistance factor (GR 50 R/GR 50 S) of 43.81. When amitrole (Cyt. P 450  inhibitor) was applied before treatment with DM, the R biotype growth was significantly inhibited (GR 50  of 1019.9 g ai ha -1 ) compared with the GR 50  (1484.6 g ai ha -1 ) found for the R biotype without pretreatment with amitrole. However, GR 50  values for S biotype do not vary with or without amitrole pretreatment. Dose-response experiments carried out to evaluate cross-resistance, showed resistance to aryloxyphenoxypropionate (APP), cyclohexanedione (CHD) and phenylpyrazoline (PPZ) inhibiting herbicides. Both R and S biotypes had a similar  14 C-DM uptake and translocation. The herbicide was poorly distributed among leaves, the rest of the shoot and roots with unappreciable acropetal and/or basipetal DM translocation at 96 h after treatment (HAT). The metabolism of  14 C-DM, D-acid and D-conjugate metabolites were identified by thin-layer chromatography. The results showed that DM resistance in  C. echinatus  is likely due to enhanced herbicide metabolism, involving Cyt. P 450  as was demonstrated by indirect assays (amitrole pretreatment). The ACCase  in vitro  assays showed that the target site was very sensitive to APP, CHD and PPZ herbicides in the  C. echinatus  S biotype, while the R biotype was insensitive to the previously mentioned herbicides. DNA sequencing studies confirmed that  C. echinatus  cross-resistance to ACCase inhibitors has been conferred by specific ACCase double point mutations Ile-2041-Asn and Cys-2088-Arg.

Underlying Resistance Mechanisms in the Cynosurus echinatus Biotype to Acetyl CoA Carboxylase-Inhibiting Herbicides