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Guazatine is a potent inhibitor of polyamine oxidase (PAO) activity. In agriculture, guazatine is used as non-systemic contact fungicide efficient in the protection of cereals and citrus fruits against disease. The composition of guazatine is complex, mainly constituted by a mixture of synthetic guanidated polyamines (polyaminoguanidines). Here, we have studied the effects from exposure to guazatine in the weed  Arabidopsis thaliana . We report that micromolar concentrations of guazatine are sufficient to inhibit growth of  Arabidopsis  seedlings and induce chlorosis, whereas germination is barely affected. We observed the occurrence of quantitative variation in the response to guazatine between 107 randomly chosen  Arabidopsis  accessions. This enabled us to undertake genome-wide association (GWA) mapping that identified a locus on chromosome one associated with guazatine tolerance.  CHLOROPHYLLASE 1  ( CLH1 ) within this locus was studied as candidate gene, together with its paralog  (CLH2) . The analysis of independent  clh1-2, clh1-3, clh2-3, clh2-2 , and double  clh1-2 clh2-3  mutant alleles indicated that  CLH1  and/or  CLH2  loss-of-function or expression down-regulation promote guazatine tolerance in  Arabidopsis . We report a natural mechanism by which  Arabidopsis  populations can overcome toxicity by the fungicide guazatine.

Genome Wide Association Mapping for the Tolerance to the Polyamine Oxidase Inhibitor Guazatine in Arabidopsis thaliana