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The  MLO  ( Mildew Locus O ) gene family encodes plant-specific proteins containing seven transmembrane domains and likely acting in signal transduction in a calcium and calmodulin dependent manner. Some members of the  MLO  family are susceptibility factors toward fungi causing the powdery mildew disease. In tomato, for example, the loss-of-function of the  MLO  gene  SlMLO1  leads to a particular form of powdery mildew resistance, called  ol-2 , which arrests almost completely fungal penetration. This type of penetration resistance is characterized by the apposition of papillae at the sites of plant-pathogen interaction. Other  MLO  homologs in Arabidopsis regulate root response to mechanical stimuli ( AtMLO4  and  AtMLO11 ) and pollen tube reception by the female gametophyte ( AtMLO7 ). However, the role of most  MLO  genes remains unknown. In this work, we provide a genome-wide study of the tomato  SlMLO  gene family. Besides  SlMLO1 , other 15  SlMLO  homologs were identified and characterized with respect to their structure, genomic organization, phylogenetic relationship, and expression profile. In addition, by analysis of transgenic plants, we demonstrated that simultaneous silencing of  SlMLO1  and two of its closely related homologs,  SlMLO5  and  SlMLO8 , confer higher level of resistance than the one associated with the  ol-2  mutation. The outcome of this study provides evidence for functional redundancy among tomato homolog genes involved in powdery mildew susceptibility. Moreover, we developed a series of transgenic lines silenced for individual  SlMLO  homologs, which lay the foundation for further investigations aimed at assigning new biological functions to the  MLO  gene family.

Genome-Wide Study of the Tomato SlMLO Gene Family and Its Functional Characterization in Response to the Powdery Mildew Fungus Oidium neolycopersici