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With increase of temperature,  F  o  gradually rose in both WT and the mutant inactivated in the type 1 NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (NDH), a double mutant disrupted the genes of  ndhJ  and  ndhK  (Δ ndh JK) or a triple mutant disrupted the genes of  ndhC, ndhJ , and  ndhK  (Δ ndhCJK ). The temperature threshold of  F o   rise was about 3–5°C lower in the mutants than in WT, indicating Δ ndh JK and Δ ndhCJK  were more sensitive to elevated temperature. The  F  o  rise after the threshold was slower and the reached maximal level was lower in the mutants than in WT, implying the chlororespiratory pathway was suppressed when NDH was inactivated. Meanwhile, the maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II (PS II) ( F  v  /F  m ) decreased to a similar extent below 50°C in WT and mutants. However, the decline was sharper in WT when temperature rose above 55°C, indicating a down regulation of PS II photochemical activity by the chlororespiratory pathway in response to elevated temperature. On the other hand, in the presence of  n -propyl gallate, an inhibitor of plastid terminal oxidase (PTOX), the less evident increase in  F  o  while the more decrease in  F  v  /F  m  in Δ ndhCJK  than in WT after incubation at 50°C for 6 h suggest the increased sensitivity to heat stress when both NDH and chlororespiratory pathways are suppressed. Moreover, the net photosynthetic rate and photo-efficiency decreased more significantly in Δ ndh JK than in WT under the heat stressed conditions. Compared to the light-oxidation of P700, the difference in the dark-reduction of P700 +  between WT and  ndh JK disruptant was much less under the heat stressed conditions, implying significantly enhanced cyclic electron flow in light and the competition for electron from PQ between PTOX and photosystem I in the dark at the elevated temperature. Heat-stimulated expression of both NdhK and PTOX significantly increased in WT, while the expression of PTOX was less in Δ ndh JK than in WT. Meanwhile, the amount of active form of Rubisco activase decreased much more in the mutant. The results suggest that chlororespiration and cyclic electron flow mediated by NDH may coordinate to alleviate the over-reduction of stroma, thus to keep operation of CO 2  assimilation at certain extent under heat stress condition.

Alleviation of Photoinhibition by Co-ordination of Chlororespiration and Cyclic Electron Flow Mediated by NDH under Heat Stressed Condition in Tobacco