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Defense mechanisms in woody tissue are poorly understood, especially in vine colonized by trunk pathogens. However, several investigations suggest that molecular mechanisms in the central tissue of  Vitis vinifera  L. may be involved in trunk-defense reactions. In this work, the perception of  Phaeoacremonium aleophilum  and  Phaeomoniella chlamydospora  alone or together were investigated in cuttings of Cabernet Sauvignon trunks. Plant responses were analyzed at the tissue level via optical microscopy and at the cellular level via plant-gene expression. The microscopy results revealed that, 6 weeks after pathogen inoculation, newly formed vascular tissue is less developed in plants inoculated with  P. chlamydospora  than in plants inoculated with  P. aleophilum . Co-inoculation with both pathogens resulted in an intermediate phenotype. Further analysis showed the relative expression of the following grapevine genes:  PAL ,  PR10.3 ,  TL ,  TLb ,  Vv17.3 ,  STS ,  STS8 ,  CWinv, PIN ,  CAM ,  LOX  at 10, 24, 48, and 120 h post-inoculation (hpi). The gene set was induced by wounding before inoculation with the different pathogens, except for the genes  CAM  and  LOX . This response generated significant noise, but the expression of the grapevine genes ( PAL ,  PR10.3 ,  TL ,  TLb ,  Vv17.3 ,  STS ,  STS8 ,  CWinv , and  PIN ) still differed due to perception of mycelium by the plant. Furthermore, at 48 hpi, the induction of  PAL  and  STS8  differs depending on the pathogen, and a specific pattern emerges from the different inductions associated with the different treatments. Based on these results, we conclude that  V. vinifera  L. trunk perceives the presence of pathogens differently depending on the inoculated pathogen or even on the combination of co-inoculated pathogens, suggesting a defense orchestration in the perennial organs of woody plants.

frontiers in plant science

Variations in Early Response of Grapevine Wood Depending on Wound and Inoculation Combinations with Phaeoacremonium aleophilum and Phaeomoniella chlamydospora