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Efficient use of seed nutrient reserves is crucial for germination and establishment of plant seedlings. Mobilizing seed oil reserves in  Arabidopsis  involves β-oxidation, the glyoxylate cycle, and gluconeogenesis, which provide essential energy and the carbon skeletons needed to sustain seedling growth until photoautotrophy is acquired. We demonstrated that H + -PPase activity is required for gluconeogenesis. Lack of H + -PPase in  fugu5  mutants increases cytosolic pyrophosphate (PPi) levels, which partially reduces sucrose synthesis  de novo  and inhibits cell division. In contrast, post-mitotic cell expansion in cotyledons was unusually enhanced, a phenotype called compensation. Therefore, it appears that PPi inhibits several cellular functions, including cell cycling, to trigger compensated cell enlargement (CCE). Here, we mutagenized  fugu5-1  seeds with  12 C 6+  heavy-ion irradiation and screened mutations that restrain CCE to gain insight into the genetic pathway(s) involved in CCE. We isolated A#3-1, in which cell size was severely reduced, but cell number remained similar to that of original  fugu5-1 . Moreover, cell number decreased in A#3-1 single mutant (A#3-1sm), similar to that of  fugu5-1 , but cell size was almost equal to that of the wild type. Surprisingly, A#3-1 mutation did not affect CCE in other compensation exhibiting mutant backgrounds, such as  an3-4  and  fugu2-1/fas1-6 . Subsequent map-based cloning combined with genome sequencing and HRM curve analysis identified  enoyl-CoA hydratase 2  ( ECH2 ) as the causal gene of A#3-1. The above phenotypes were consistently observed in the  ech2-1  allele and supplying sucrose restored the morphological and cellular phenotypes in  fugu5-1 ,  ech2-1 , A#3-1sm,  fugu5-1   ech2-1 , and A#3-1;  fugu5-1 . Taken together, these results suggest that defects in either H + -PPase or ECH2 compromise cell proliferation due to defects in mobilizing seed storage lipids. In contrast, ECH2 alone likely promotes CCE during the post-mitotic cell expansion stage of cotyledon development, probably by converting indolebutyric acid to indole acetic acid.

frontiers in plant science

Suppressor Screen and Phenotype Analyses Revealed an Emerging Role of the Monofunctional Peroxisomal Enoyl-CoA Hydratase 2 in Compensated Cell Enlargement