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To clarify the roles of carbon monoxide (CO), nitric oxide (NO), and auxin in the plant response to iron deficiency (–Fe), and to establish how the signaling molecules interact to enhance Fe acquisition, we conducted physiological, genetic, and molecular analyses that compared the responses of various  Arabidopsis  mutants, including  hy1  (CO deficient),  noa1  (NO deficient),  nia1/nia2  (NO deficient),  yuc1  (auxin over-accumulation), and  cue1  (NO over-accumulation) to –Fe stress. We also generated a HY1 over-expression line (named HY1-OX) in which CO is over-produced compared to wild-type. We found that the suppression of CO and NO generation using various inhibitors enhanced the sensitivity of wild-type plants to Fe depletion. Similarly, the  hy1 ,  noa1 , and  nia1 / nia2  mutants were more sensitive to Fe deficiency. By contrast, the  yuc1 ,  cue1 , and HY1-OX lines were less sensitive to Fe depletion. The  hy1  mutant with low CO content exhibited no induced expression of the Fe uptake-related genes  FIT1  and  FRO2  as compared to wild-type plants. On the other hand, the treatments of exogenous CO and NO enhanced Fe uptake. Likewise,  cue1  and HY1-OX lines with increased endogenous content of NO and CO, respectively, also exhibited enhanced Fe uptake and increased expression of bHLH transcriptional factor FIT1as compared to wild-type plants. Furthermore, we found that CO affected auxin accumulation and transport in the root tip by altering the PIN1 and PIN2 proteins distribution that control lateral root structure under –Fe stress. Our results demonstrated the integration of CO, NO, and auxin signaling to cope with Fe deficiency in  Arabidopsis .

Carbon Monoxide Interacts with Auxin and Nitric Oxide to Cope with Iron Deficiency in Arabidopsis