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Powdery mildew (PM) is a serious fungal disease of cucumber worldwide. The identification of resistance genes is very important for resistance breeding to ensure cucumber production. Here, natural loss-of-function mutations at an  MLO  homologous locus,  CsMLO1 , were found to confer durable PM resistance in cucumber.  CsMLO1  encoded a cell membrane protein, was mainly expressed in leaves and cotyledons, and was up-regulated by PM at the early stage of host–pathogen interaction. Ectopic expression of  CsMLO1  rescued the phenotype of the PM resistant  Atmlo2 Atmlo12  double mutant to PM susceptible in  Arabidopsis . Domesticated and wild resistant cucumbers originating from various geographical regions of the world were found to harbor three independent natural mutations that resulted in  CsMLO1  loss of function. In addition, between the near-isogenic lines (NILs) of PM resistant and susceptible, S1003 and NIL( Pm5.1 ), quantitative RT-PCR revealed that there is no difference at expression levels of several genes in the pathways of ethylene, jasmonic acid or salicylic acid. Moreover, the two NILs were used for transcriptome profiling to explore the mechanism underlying the resistance. Several genes correlated with plant cell wall thickening are possibly involved in the PM resistance. This study revealed that loss of function of  CsMLO1  conferred durable PM resistance, and that this loss of function is necessary but alone may not be sufficient for PM resistance in cucumber. These findings will facilitate the molecular breeding of PM resistant varieties to control this destructive disease in cucumber.

Loss-of-Function Mutations in CsMLO1 Confer Durable Powdery Mildew Resistance in Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)