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Continuous hydrogen photo-production under sulfur deprivation was studied in the  Chlamydomonas reinhardtii pgr5 pgrl1  double mutant and respective single mutants. Under medium light conditions, the  pgr5  exhibited the highest performance and produced about eight times more hydrogen than the wild type, making  pgr5  one of the most efficient hydrogen producer reported so far. The  pgr5 pgrl1  double mutant showed an increased hydrogen burst at the beginning of sulfur deprivation under high light conditions, but in this case the overall amount of hydrogen produced by  pgr5 pgrl1  as well as  pgr5  was diminished due to photo-inhibition and increased degradation of PSI. In contrast, the  pgrl1  was effective in hydrogen production in both high and low light. Blocking photosynthetic electron transfer by DCMU stopped hydrogen production almost completely in the mutant strains, indicating that the main pathway of electrons toward enhanced hydrogen production is via linear electron transport. Indeed, PSII remained more active and stable in the  pgr  mutant strains as compared to the wild type. Since transition to anaerobiosis was faster and could be maintained due to an increased oxygen consumption capacity, this likely preserves PSII from photo-oxidative damage in the  pgr  mutants. Hence, we conclude that increased hydrogen production under sulfur deprivation in the  pgr5  and  pgrl1  mutants is caused by an increased stability of PSII permitting sustainable light-driven hydrogen production in  Chlamydomonas reinhardtii .

frontiers in plant science

Deletion of Proton Gradient Regulation 5 (PGR5) and PGR5-Like 1 (PGRL1) proteins promote sustainable light-driven hydrogen production in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii due to increased PSII activity under sulfur deprivation