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Cyclic electron flux (CEF) around Photosystem I (PS I) is difficult to quantify. We obtained the linear electron flux (LEF O2 ) through both photosystems and the total electron flux through PS I (ETR1) in  Arabidopsis  in CO 2 -enriched air. ΔFlux = ETR1 – LEF O2  is an upper estimate of CEF, which consists of two components, an antimycin A-sensitive, PGR5 (proton gradient regulation 5 protein)-dependent component and an insensitive component facilitated by a chloroplastic nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase-like complex (NDH). Using wild type as well as  pgr5  and  ndh  mutants, we observed that (1) 40% of the absorbed light was partitioned to PS I; (2) at high irradiance a substantial antimycin A-sensitive CEF occurred in the wild type and the  ndh  mutant; (3) at low irradiance a sizable antimycin A-sensitive CEF occurred in the wild type but not in the  ndh  mutant, suggesting an enhancing effect of NDH in low light; and (4) in the  pgr5  mutant, and the wild type and  ndh  mutant treated with antimycin A, a residual ΔFlux existed at high irradiance, attributable to charge recombination and/or pseudo-cyclic electron flow. Therefore, in low-light-acclimated plants exposed to high light, ΔFlux has contributions from various paths of electron flow through PS I.

Partially dissecting the steady-state electron fluxes in Photosystem I in wild-type and pgr5 and ndh mutants of Arabidopsis