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Background:   Oxytropis ochrocephala  Bunge, an indigenous locoweed species in China, poses great threats to livestock on grasslands. There is a need for further genetic study in the plants  per se , for understanding the basis of its acclimation mechanism in various unfavorable environmental conditions and to implement effective control measures. Quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) is the most commonly used method for gene expression analysis. To facilitate gene expression studies and obtain more accurate qRT-PCR data, normalization relative to stable reference genes is required. The aim of this study was to select the most stable reference genes for transcriptional analysis in  O. ochrocephala .   Results:  We selected 12 candidate reference genes, 18S ribosomal RNA ( 18S RNA ), actin2/7 ( ACT7 ), β-actin ( ACTB ), actin101 ( ACT101 ), actin11 ( ACT11 ), β-tubulin ( TUB ), α-tubulin ( TUA ), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase-1 ( GAPDH1 ),  GAPDH2 , metallothionein-like protein ( MET ), fructose-bisphosphate aldolase ( FBA ) and histone H3 ( HIS ), from the transcriptome datasets of  O. ochrocephala  and determined the suitability by analyzing their expression levels when exposed to a range of abiotic stress conditions. By employing software packages including geNorm, NormFinder and BestKeeper,  HIS, ACT7 , and  ACT101  were assessed as the most suitable set for normalization in all samples. When normalized with the most stable reference genes, the expression patterns of the three target genes were in accordance with those in the transcriptome data, indicating that the reference genes selected in this study are suitable.   Conclusions:  The study provided appropriate reference genes for accurate normalization in qRT-PCR analysis in  O. ochrocephala  and emphasized the importance of validating reference genes for gene expression analysis under specific experimental condition. The usage of inappropriate reference gene would cause misinterpretation.

frontiers in plant science

Selection of appropriate reference genes for quantitative real-time PCR in Oxytropis ochrocephala Bunge using transcriptome datasets under abiotic stress treatments