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Fusarium graminearum  and  F. culmorum  are the causing agents of a destructive disease known as  Fusarium  head blight (FHB). FHB is a re-emerging disease in small grain cereals which impairs both the grain yield and the quality. Most serious consequence is the contamination of grain with  Fusarium  mycotoxins that are severe threat to humans and animals. Biological control has been suggested as one of the integrated management strategies to control FHB.  Paenibacillus polymyxa  is considered as a promising biocontrol agent due to its unique antibiotic spectrum.  P. polymyxa  A26 is an efficient antagonistic agent against  Fusarium  spp. In order to optimize strain A26 production, formulation and application strategies traits important for its compatibility need to be revealed. Here we developed a toolbox, comprising of dual culture plate assays and wheat kernel assays, including simultaneous monitoring of FHB causing pathogens, A26, and mycotoxin production. Using this system we show that, besides generally known lipopeptide antibiotic production by  P. polymyxa , biofilm formation ability may play a crucial role in the case of stain A26  F. culmorum  antagonism. Application of the system for effective strain selection and maintenance is discussed.

frontiers in plant science

Paenibacillus polymyxa A26 Sfp-type PPTase inactivation limits bacterial antagonism against Fusarium graminearum but not of F. culmorum in kernel assay