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Recombinant fusion proteins containing arthropod toxins have been developed as a new class of biopesticides. The recombinant fusion protein Hv1a/GNA, containing the spider venom toxin ω-ACTX-Hv1a linked to snowdrop lectin (GNA) was shown to reduce survival of the peach-potato aphid  Myzus persicae  when delivered in artificial diet, with survival <10% after 8 days exposure to fusion protein at 1 mg/ml. Although the fusion protein was rapidly degraded by proteases in the insect, Hv1a/GNA oral toxicity to  M. persicae  was significantly greater than GNA alone. A construct encoding the fusion protein, including the GNA leader sequence, under control of the constitutive CaMV 35S promoter was transformed into  Arabidopsis ; the resulting plants contained intact fusion protein in leaf tissues at an estimated level of 25.6 ± 4.1 ng/mg FW. Transgenic  Arabidopsis  expressing Hv1a/GNA induced up to 40% mortality of  M. persicae  after 7 days exposure in detached leaf bioassays, demonstrating that transgenic plants can deliver fusion proteins to aphids. Grain aphids ( Sitobion avenae ) were more susceptible than  M. persicae  to the Hv1a/GNA fusion protein in artificial diet bioassays (LC 50  = 0.73 mg/ml after 2 days against LC 50  = 1.81 mg/ml for  M. persicae ), as they were not able to hydrolyze the fusion protein as readily as  M. persicae . Expression of this fusion protein in suitable host plants for the grain aphid is likely to confer higher levels of resistance than that shown with the  M. persicae / Arabidopsis  model system.

Transgenic plants expressing Ï‰-ACTX-Hv1a and snowdrop lectin (GNA) fusion protein show enhanced resistance to aphids