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The zinc finger transcription factor  CONSTANS  has a well-established central role in the mechanism for photoperiod sensing in Arabidopsis, integrating light and circadian clock signals to upregulate the florigen gene  FT  under long-day but not short-day conditions. Although  CONSTANS -LIKE ( COL ) genes in other species have also been shown to regulate flowering time, it is not clear how widely this central role in photoperiod sensing is conserved. Legumes are a major plant group and various legume species show significant natural variation for photoperiod responsive flowering. Orthologs of several Arabidopsis genes have been shown to participate in photoperiodic flowering in legumes, but the possible function of  COL  genes as integrators of the photoperiod response has not yet been examined in detail. Here we characterize the  COL  family in the temperate long-day legume  Medicago truncatula , using expression analyses, reverse genetics, transient activation assays and Arabidopsis transformation. Our results provide several lines of evidence suggesting that  COL  genes are unlikely to have a central role in the photoperiod response mechanism in this species.

frontiers in plant science

Isolation and functional analysis of CONSTANS-LIKE genes suggests that a central role for CONSTANS in flowering time control is not evolutionarily conserved in Medicago truncatula