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Flowering time in plants is a tightly regulated process. In barley ( Hordeum vulgare  L.),  HvFT1 , ortholog of  FLOWERING LOCUS T , is the main integrator of the photoperiod and vernalization signals leading to the transition from vegetative to reproductive state of the plant. This gene presents sequence polymorphisms affecting flowering time in the first intron and in the promoter. Recently, copy number variation (CNV) has been described for this gene. An allele with more than one copy was linked to higher gene expression, earlier flowering, and an overriding effect of the vernalization mechanism. This study aims at (1) surveying the distribution of  HvFT1  polymorphisms across barley germplasm and (2) assessing gene expression and phenotypic effects of  HvFT1  alleles. We analyzed  HvFT1  CNV in 109 winter, spring, and facultative barley lines. There was more than one copy of the gene (2–5) only in spring or facultative barleys without a functional vernalization  VrnH2  allele. CNV was investigated in several regions inside and around  HvFT1 . Two models of the gene were found: one with the same number of promoters and transcribed regions, and another with one promoter and variable number of transcribed regions. This last model was found in Nordic barleys only. Analysis of  HvFT1  expression showed that association between known polymorphisms at the  HvFT1  locus and the expression of the gene was highly dependent on the genetic background. Under long day conditions the earliest flowering lines carried a sensitive  PpdH1  allele. Among spring cultivars with different number of copies, no clear relation was found between CNV, gene expression and flowering time. This was confirmed in a set of doubled haploid lines of a population segregating for  HvFT1  CNV. Earlier flowering in the presence of several copies of  HvFT1  was only seen in cultivar Tammi, which carries one promoter, suggesting a relation of gene structure with its regulation.  HvCEN  also affected to a large extent flowering time.

HvFT1 polymorphism and effectâ€”survey of barley germplasm and expression analysis