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Multigenic families of  Plant Defensin type 1  ( PDF1 ) have been described in several species, including the model plant  Arabidopsis thaliana  as well as zinc tolerant and hyperaccumulator  A. halleri . In  A. thaliana, PDF1  transcripts ( AtPDF1 ) accumulate in response to pathogen attack following synergic activation of ethylene/jasmonate pathways. However, in  A. halleri ,  PDF1  transcripts ( AhPDF1 ) are constitutively highly accumulated. Through an evolutionary approach, we investigated the possibility of  A. halleri  or  A. thaliana  species specialization in different  PDF1 s in conveying zinc tolerance and/or the response to pathogen attack  via  activation of the jasmonate (JA) signaling pathway. The accumulation of each  PDF1  from both  A. halleri  and  A. thaliana  was thus compared in response to zinc excess and MeJA application. In both species,  PDF1  paralogues were barely or not at all responsive to zinc. However, regarding the  PDF1  response to JA signaling activation,  A. thaliana  had a higher number of  PDF1 s responding to JA signaling activation. Remarkably, in  A. thaliana , a slight but significant increase in zinc tolerance was correlated with activation of the JA signaling pathway. In addition,  A. halleri  was found to be more tolerant to the necrotrophic pathogen  Botrytis cinerea  than  A. thaliana . Since  PDF1 s are known to be promiscuous antifungal proteins able to convey zinc tolerance, we propose, on the basis of the findings of this study, that high constitutive  PDF1  transcript accumulation in  A. halleri  is a potential way to skip the JA signaling activation step required to increase the  PDF1  transcript level in the  A. thaliana  model species. This could ultimately represent an adaptive evolutionary process that would promote a  PDF1  joint effect on both zinc tolerance and the response to pathogens in the  A. halleri  extremophile species.

Evolutionary tinkering of the expression of PDF1s suggests their joint effect on zinc tolerance and the response to pathogen attack