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In  Arabidopsis , the MYC2 transcription factor on the one hand and the AP2/ERF transcription factors ORA59 and ERF1 on the other hand regulate distinct branches of the jasmonic acid (JA) signaling pathway in an antagonistic fashion, co-regulated by abscisic acid (ABA) and ethylene, respectively. Feeding by larvae of the specialist herbivorous insect  Pieris rapae  (small cabbage white butterfly) results in activation of the MYC-branch and concomitant suppression of the ERF-branch in insect-damaged leaves. Here we investigated differential JA signaling activation in undamaged systemic leaves of  P. rapae -infested plants. We found that the  MYC2  transcription factor gene was induced both in the local insect-damaged leaves and the systemic undamaged leaves of  P. rapae -infested  Arabidopsis  plants. However, in contrast to the insect-damaged leaves, the undamaged tissue did not show activation of the MYC-branch marker gene  VSP1 . Comparison of the hormone signal signature revealed that the levels of JA and (+)-7- iso -jasmonoyl- L -isoleucine raised to similar extents in locally damaged and systemically undamaged leaves, but the production of ABA and the JA precursor 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid was enhanced only in the local herbivore-damaged leaves, and not in the distal undamaged leaves. Challenge of undamaged leaves of pre-infested plants with either  P. rapae  larvae or exogenously applied ABA led to potentiated expression levels of  MYC2  and  VSP1 , with the latter reaching extremely high expression levels. Moreover,  P. rapae -induced resistance, as measured by reduction of caterpillar growth on pre-infested plants, was blocked in the ABA biosynthesis mutant  aba2-1 , that was also impaired in  P. rapae -induced expression of  VSP1 . Together, these results suggest that ABA is a crucial regulator of herbivore-induced resistance by activating primed JA-regulated defense responses upon secondary herbivore attack in  Arabidopsis .

Onset of herbivore-induced resistance in systemic tissue primed for jasmonate-dependent defenses is activated by abscisic acid