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Xylan is the second most abundant polysaccharide on Earth, and represents a major component of both dicot wood and the cell walls of grasses. Much knowledge has been gained from studies of xylan biosynthesis in the model plant,  Arabidopsis . In particular, the irregular xylem ( irx ) mutants, named for their collapsed xylem cells, have been essential in gaining a greater understanding of the genes involved in xylan biosynthesis. In contrast, xylan biosynthesis in grass cell walls is poorly understood. We identified three rice genes  Os07g49370  ( OsIRX9 ),  Os01g48440  ( OsIRX9L ), and  Os06g47340  ( OsIRX14 ), from glycosyltransferase family 43 as putative orthologs to the putative β-1,4-xylan backbone elongating  Arabidopsis   IRX9 ,  IRX9L , and  IRX14  genes, respectively. We demonstrate that the over-expression of the closely related rice genes, in full or partly complement the two well-characterized  Arabidopsis irregular xylem   (irx)  mutants:  irx9  and  irx14 . Complementation was assessed by measuring dwarfed phenotypes, irregular xylem cells in stem cross sections, xylose content of stems, xylosyltransferase (XylT) activity of stems, and stem strength. The expression of  OsIRX9  in the  irx9  mutant resulted in XylT activity of stems that was over double that of wild type plants, and the stem strength of this line increased to 124% above that of wild type. Taken together, our results suggest that  OsIRX9/OsIRX9L , and  OsIRX14 , have similar functions to the  Arabidopsis   IRX9  and  IRX14  genes, respectively. Furthermore, our expression data indicate that  OsIRX9  and  OsIRX9L  may function in building the xylan backbone in the secondary and primary cell walls, respectively. Our results provide insight into xylan biosynthesis in rice and how expression of a xylan synthesis gene may be modified to increase stem strength.

Three Novel Rice Genes Closely Related to the ArabidopsisIRX9, IRX9L, and IRX14 Genes and Their Roles in Xylan Biosynthesis