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In response to insect herbivory,  Arabidopsis  plants activate the synthesis of the phytohormone jasmonate-isoleucine, which binds to a complex consisting of the receptor COI1 and JAZ repressors. Upon proteasome-mediated JAZ degradation, basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors (TFs) MYC2, MYC3, and MYC4 become activated and this results in the expression of defense genes. Although the jasmonate (JA) pathway is known to be essential for the massive transcriptional reprogramming that follows herbivory, there is however little information on other TFs that are required for defense against herbivores and whether they contribute significantly to JA-dependent defense gene expression. By transcriptome profiling, we identified 41 TFs that were induced in response to herbivory by the generalist  Spodoptera littoralis . Among them, nine genes, including  WRKY18 ,  WRKY40 ,  ANAC019 ,  ANAC055 ,  ZAT10 ,  ZAT12 ,  AZF2 ,  ERF13 , and  RRTF1 , were found to play a significant role in resistance to  S. littoralis  herbivory. Compared to the triple mutant  myc234  that is as sensitive as  coi1-1  to herbivory, knockout lines of these nine TFs were only partially more sensitive to  S. littoralis  but, however, some displayed distinct gene expression changes at the whole-genome level. Data thus reveal that MYC2, MYC3, and MYC4 are master regulators of  Arabidopsis  resistance to a generalist herbivore and identify new genes involved in insect defense.

Differential Contribution of Transcription Factors to Arabidopsis thaliana Defense Against Spodoptera littoralis