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In insects, metamorphosis is controlled by juvenile hormone (JH) and 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E).  Krüppel homolog 1  ( Kr-h1 ), a key JH-early inducible gene, is responsible for the suppression of metamorphosis and the regulation of the  Broad-Complex  ( Br-C ) gene, which is induced by 20E and functions as a “pupal specifier”. In this study, we identified and characterized the expression patterns and tissue distribution of  DaKr-h1  and  DaBr-C  at various developmental stages of  Dendroctonus armandi . The expression of the two genes was induced by JH analog (JHA) methoprene and 20E, and their functions were investigated by RNA interference.  DaKr-h1  and  DaBr-C  were predominantly expressed in the heads of larvae and were significantly downregulated during the molting stage. In contrast, the  DaKr-h1  transcript level was highest in the adult anterior midgut.  DaBr-C  was mainly expressed in female adults, with the highest transcript levels in the ovaries. In the larval and pupal stages, both JHA and 20E significantly induced  DaKr-h1 , but only 20E significantly induced  DaBr-C , indicating the importance of hormones in metamorphosis.  DaKr-h1  knockdown in larvae upregulated  DaBr-C  expression, resulting in precocious metamorphosis from larvae to pupae and the formation of miniature pupae.  DaKr-h1  knockdown in pupae suppressed  DaBr-C  expression, increased emergence, caused abnormal morphology, and caused the formation of small-winged adults. These results suggest that  DaKr-h1  is required for the metamorphosis of  D. armandi . Our findings provide insight into the roles of  DaKr-h1  and  DaBr-C  in JH-induced transcriptional repression and highlight  DaKr-h1  as a potential target for metamorphosis suppression in  D. armandi .

Roles of Krüppel Homolog 1 and Broad-Complex in the Development of Dendroctonus armandi (Coleoptera: Scolytinae)