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We tested the hypothesis that restricting either step frequency (SF) or stride length (SL) causes a decrease in ventilatory response with limited breath frequency during sinusoidal walking. In this study, 13 healthy male and female volunteers (mean ± SD; age: 21.5 ± 1.8 years, height: 168 ± 7 cm, weight: 61.5 ± 8.3 kg) participated. The walking speed was sinusoidally changed between 50 and 100 m⋅min –1  with periods from 10 to 1 min. Using a customized sound system, we fixed the SF at 120 steps⋅min –1  with SL variation (0.83–0.41 m) ( SF   fix  ) or fixed the SL at 0.7 m with SF variation (143–71 steps⋅min –1 ) ( SL   fix  ) during the subjects’ sinusoidal walking. Both the subjects’ preferred locomotion pattern without a sound system ( Free ) and the unprompted spontaneous locomotor pattern for each subject ( Free ) served as the control condition. We measured  breath-by-breath  ventilation [tidal volume (VT) and breathing frequency (B f )] and gas exchange [CO 2  output (V  .CO 2 ), O 2  uptake (V  .O 2 )]. The amplitude ( Amp ) and the phase shift (PS) of the fundamental component of the ventilatory and gas exchange variables were calculated. The results revealed that the  SF   fix   condition decreased the  Amp  of the B f  response compared with  SL   fix   and  Free  conditions. Notably, the  Amp  of the B f  response under  SF   fix   was reduced by less than one breath at the periods of 5 and 10 min. In contrast, the  SL   fix   condition resulted in larger Amps of B f  andV  .E   responses as well as  Free . We thus speculate that the steeper slope of theV  .E  -V  .CO 2  relationship observed under the  SL   fix   might be attributable to the central feed-forward command or upward information from afferent neural activity by sinusoidal locomotive cadence. The PSs of theV  .E  ,V  .O 2 , andV  .CO 2  responses were unaffected by any locomotion patterns. Such a sinusoidal wave manipulation of locomotion variables may offer new insights into the dynamics of exercise hyperpnea.

Influence of Step Frequency on the Dynamic Characteristics of Ventilation and Gas Exchange During Sinusoidal Walking in humans