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Opsin photoreceptors outside of the central nervous system have been shown to mediate smooth muscle photorelaxation in several organs. We hypothesized that opsin receptor activation in the colon would have a similar effect and influence colonic motility. We detected Opsin 3 (OPN3) protein expression in the colonic wall and demonstrated that OPN3 was present in enteric neurons in the muscularis propria of the murine colon. Precontracted murine colon segments demonstrated blue light (BL) -mediated relaxation  ex vivo . This photorelaxation was wavelength specific and was increased with the administration of the chromophore 9 -cis  retinal and a G protein receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) inhibitor. Light-mediated relaxation of the colon was not inhibited by L-NAME or tetrodotoxin (TTX). Furthermore, BL exposure in the presence of 9 -cis  retinal decreased the frequency of colonic migrating motor complexes (CMMC) in spontaneously contracting mouse colons  ex vivo . These results demonstrate for the first time a receptor-mediated photorelaxation of colonic smooth muscle and implicate opsins as possible new targets in the treatment of spasmodic gastrointestinal dysmotility.

Light-Mediated Inhibition of Colonic Smooth Muscle Constriction and Colonic Motility via Opsin 3