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Ca 2+  and  V  m  transitions occurring throughout action potential (AP) cycles in sinoatrial nodal (SAN) cells are cues that (1) not only regulate activation states of molecules operating within criticality (Ca 2+  domain) and limit-cycle ( V  m  domain) mechanisms of a coupled-clock system that underlies SAN cell automaticity, (2) but are also regulated by the activation states of the clock molecules they regulate. In other terms, these cues are both causes and effects of clock molecular activation (recursion). Recently, we demonstrated that Ca 2+  and  V  m  transitions during AP cycles in single SAN cells isolated from mice, guinea pigs, rabbits, and humans are self-similar (obey a power law) and are also self-similar to  trans -species AP firing intervals (APFIs) of these cells  in vitro , to heart rate  in vivo , and to body mass. Neurotransmitter stimulation of β-adrenergic receptor or cholinergic receptor–initiated signaling in SAN cells modulates their AP firing rate and rhythm by impacting on the degree to which SAN clocks couple to each other, creating the broad physiologic range of SAN cell mean APFIs and firing interval variabilities. Here we show that Ca 2+  and  V  m  domain kinetic transitions (time to AP ignition in diastole and 90% AP recovery) occurring within given AP, the mean APFIs, and APFI variabilities within the time series of APs in 230 individual SAN cells are self-similar (obey power laws). In other terms, these long-range correlations inform on self-similar distributions of order among SAN cells across the entire broad physiologic range of SAN APFIs, regardless of whether autonomic receptors of these cells are stimulated or not and regardless of the type (adrenergic or cholinergic) of autonomic receptor stimulation. These long-range correlations among distributions of Ca 2+  and  V  m  kinetic functions that regulate SAN cell clock coupling during each AP cycle in different individual, isolated SAN cells not in contact with each other. Our numerical model simulations further extended our perspectives to the molecular scale and demonstrated that many ion currents also behave self-similar across autonomic states. Thus, to ensure rapid flexibility of AP firing rates in response to different types and degrees of autonomic input, nature “did not reinvent molecular wheels within the coupled-clock system of pacemaker cells,” but differentially engaged or scaled the kinetics of gears that regulate the rate and rhythm at which the “wheels spin” in a given autonomic input context.

frontiers in physiology

Ca2+ and Membrane Potential Transitions During Action Potentials Are Self-Similar to Each Other and to Variability of AP Firing Intervals Across the Broad Physiologic Range of AP Intervals During Autonomic Receptor Stimulation