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Aphis craccivora  (Koch) is an economically important pest that affects legumes in worldwide. Chemical control is still the primary efficient method for  A. craccivora  management. However, the mechanism underlying insecticide resistance in  A. craccivora  has not been elucidated. A previous study observed that piperonyl butoxide (PBO) and diethyl maleate (DEM) significantly synergized imidacloprid in  A. craccivora  field populations, indicating that cytochrome P450 (P450) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) genes may play pivotal roles in imidacloprid resistance. In this study, 38 P450 genes and 10 GST genes were identified in  A. craccivora  through transcriptomic analysis. The expression levels of these P450 and GST genes were measured in susceptible (SUS) strains of  A. craccivora  under imidacloprid treatment with LC 15 , LC 50 , and LC 85  doses. The expression levels of  CYP18A1 ,  CYP6CY21 ,  CYP6DA1 ,  CYP6DA2 ,  CYP4CJ1 ,  CYP4CJ2 , and  CYP380C6  were up-regulated in the three treatments. Most of these genes belong to CYP3 and CYP4 Clans. In addition, the expression levels of all P450 and GST genes in  A. craccivora  were also measured in the Juye (JY) and Linqing (LQ) field populations. The expression levels of  CYP6DA2 ,  CYP4CJ1 , and  CYP380C6  were up-regulated in the SUS strain after imidacloprid treatment at three doses, and these genes were overexpressed in the JY population. Furthermore, the sensitivity of  A. craccivora  to imidacloprid was significantly increased after knockdown of  CYP380C6  and  CYP6DA2  through RNA interference. These results may help to elucidate the mechanisms underlying of imidacloprid resistance in  A. craccivora .

Function Analysis of P450 and GST Genes to Imidacloprid in Aphis craccivora (Koch)