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Purpose  Rac1 and its downstream target PAK1 are novel regulators of insulin and exercise-induced glucose uptake in skeletal muscle. However, it is not yet understood how different training intensities affect the expression of these proteins. Therefore, we studied the effects of  high-intensity interval training  (HIIT) and  moderate-intensity continuous training  (MICT) on Rac1 and PAK1 expression in fast-type ( gastrocnemius , GC) and slow-type ( soleus , SOL) muscles in rats after HIIT and MICT swimming exercises.    Methods  The mRNA expression was determined using qPCR and protein expression levels with reverse-phase protein microarray (RPPA).    Results  HIIT significantly  decreased Rac1  mRNA expression in GC compared to MICT ( p  = 0.003) and to the control group (CON) ( p  = 0.001). At the protein level Rac1 was  increased  in GC in both training groups, but only the difference between HIIT and CON was significant ( p  = 0.02). HIIT caused significant  decrease  of  PAK1  mRNA expression in GC compared to MICT ( p  = 0.007) and to CON ( p  = 0.001). At the protein level, HIIT increased PAK1 expression in GC compared to MICT and CON (by ∼17%), but the difference was not statistically significant ( p  = 0.3,  p  = 0.2, respectively). There were no significant differences in the Rac1 or PAK1 expression in SOL between the groups.    Conclusion  Our results indicate that HIIT, but not MICT,  decreases  Rac1 and PAK1 mRNA expression and  increases  the protein expression of especially Rac1 but only in fast-type muscle. These exercise training findings may reveal new therapeutic targets to treat patients with metabolic diseases.

Effects of Different Exercise Training Protocols on Gene Expression of Rac1 and PAK1 in Healthy Rat Fast- and Slow-Type Muscles