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Background  Melatonin modulates circadian rhythms in physiology and sleep initiation. Genetic variants of the  MTNR1B  locus, encoding the melatonin MT 2  receptor, have been associated with increased type 2 diabetes (T2D) risk. Carriers of the common intronic  MTNR1B  rs10830963 T2D risk variant have modified sleep and circadian traits such as changes of the melatonin profile. However, it is currently unknown whether rare variants in the MT 2  coding region are also associated with altered sleep and circadian phenotypes, including meal timing.    Materials and Methods  In this pilot study, 28 individuals [50% male; 46–82 years old; 50% with rare MT 2  mutations (T2D MT 2 )] wore actigraphy devices and filled out daily food logs for 4 weeks. We computed circadian, sleep, and caloric intake phenotypes, including sleep duration, timing, and regularity [assessed by the Sleep Regularity Index (SRI)]; composite phase deviations (CPD) as well a sleep timing-based proxy for circadian misalignment; and caloric intake patterns throughout the day. Using regression analyses, we estimated age- and sex-adjusted mean differences (MD) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) between the two patient groups. Secondary analyses also compare T2D MT 2  to 15 healthy controls.    Results  Patients with rare MT 2  mutations had a later sleep onset (MD = 1.23, 95%CI = 0.42;2.04), and midsleep time (MD = 0.91, 95%CI = 0.12;1.70), slept more irregularly (MD in SRI = −8.98, 95%CI = −16.36;−1.60), had higher levels of behavioral circadian misalignment (MD in CPD = 1.21, 95%CI = 0.51;1.92), were more variable in regard to duration between first caloric intake and average sleep offset (MD = 1.08, 95%CI = 0.07;2.08), and had more caloric episodes in a 24 h day (MD = 1.08, 95%CI = 0.26;1.90), in comparison to T2D controls. Secondary analyses showed similar patterns between T2D MT 2  and non-diabetic controls.    Conclusion  This pilot study suggests that compared to diabetic controls, T2D MT 2  patients display a number of adverse sleep, circadian, and caloric intake phenotypes, including more irregular behavioral timing. A prospective study is needed to determine the role of these behavioral phenotypes in T2D onset and severity, especially in view of rare MT 2  mutations.

Circadian, Sleep and Caloric Intake Phenotyping in Type 2 Diabetes Patients With Rare Melatonin Receptor 2 Mutations and Controls: A Pilot Study