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Conopomorpha sinensis  Bradley (Lepidoptera: Gracilariidae) is the dominant insect pest of litchi ( chinensis  Sonn.) and longan ( Euphoria longan  Lour.) fruit trees. Management of this pest species is a challenging task due to its cryptic borer behavior. Controlling  C. sinensis  at the egg stage is the best alternative strategy to chemical control of  C. sinensis  adults. However, thorough studies regarding the indirect and sublethal effects of chemicals on the different developmental stages of  C. sinensis  are insufficient. In this study, the effect of some insecticides was evaluated on  C. sinensis  eggs. The ovicidal activity of chlorbenzuron, abamectin, chlorantraniliprole, and λ-cyhalothrin was confirmed by morphological observation of the defects in  C. sinensis  eggs. Moreover, we characterized four essential ecdysone receptor proteins in insects [i.e., two isoform ecdysone receptors (EcR: CsEcRA. CsEcRB) and two isoform ultraspiracle proteins (USP:  Cs USP1,  Cs USP2)] from  C. sinensis  eggs. The  CsEcRA ,  CsEcRB ,  CsUSP1 , and  CsUSP2  genes consisted of 1521-, 1614-, 1410-, and 1236-bp open reading frames which encoded proteins of 506, 527, 469, and 413 amino acid residues, respectively. Furthermore, the embryonic differential responses of  CsEcR s,  CsUSP s, and vitellogenin receptor ( VgR: CsVgR ) to insecticides were evaluated by qRT-PCR. Among the five tested genes,  CsVgR  and  CsUSP1  were the most sensitive to all the tested insecticides, with fold change of the expression diminished by 4.27–8.70 times compared with untreated control insects. The data suggests that these insecticidal compounds regulate the expression of these specific proteins, which might eventually lead to reduced viability of  C. sinensis  eggs. We present here the first data providing molecular elucidation of ecdysone receptor genes and their differential responses to insecticides in  C. sinensis  eggs. Together with our previous report of insecticide sublethal effects on two reproduction-related genes in  C. sinensis  adults,  CsVgR  and  CsUSP1  seem to be appropriate molecular parameters for the evaluation of insecticide impact on  C. sinensis . This study exemplifies the potential utility of transcriptional measurement of nuclear receptors as the molecular biomarkers for ecotoxicological evaluations of ovicidal impact of insecticides.

frontiers in physiology

Ecdysone Receptor (EcR) and Ultraspiracle Protein (USP) Genes From Conopomorpha sinensis Bradley Eggs: Identification and Expression in Response to Insecticides