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Invading pathogens are recognized by peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) that induce translocation of NF-κB transcription proteins and expression of robust antimicrobial peptides (AMPs).  Tenebrio molitor  PGRP-LE ( Tm PGRP-LE) has been previously identified as a key sensor of  Listeria monocytogenes  infection. Here, we present that  TmPGRP-LE  is highly expressed in the gut of  T. molitor  larvae and 5-day-old adults in the absence of microbial infection. In response to  Escherichia coli  and  Candida albicans  infections,  TmPGRP-LE  mRNA levels are significantly upregulated in both the fat body and gut. Silencing of  TmPGRP-LE  by RNAi rendered  T. molitor  significantly more susceptible to challenge by  E. coli  infection and, to a lesser extent,  Staphylococcus aureus  and  C. albicans  infections. Reduction of  TmPGRP-LE  levels in the larval gut resulted in downregulation of eight AMP genes following exposure to  E. coli ,  S. aureus , and  C. albicans . However, the transcriptional levels of AMPs more rapidly reached a higher level in the ds EGFP -treated larval gut after challenge with  E. coli , which may suggest that AMPs induction were more sensitive to  E. coli  than  S. aureus  and  C. albicans.  In addition,  TmPGRP-LE  RNAi following  E. coli  and  C. albicans  challenges had notable effects on  TmRelish ,  TmDorsal X1  isoform ( TmDorX1 ), and  TmDorX2  expression level in the fat body and gut. Taken together,  TmPGRP-LE  acts as an important gut microbial sensor that induces AMPs via Imd activation in response to  E. coli , whereas involvement of  TmPGRP-LE  in AMPs synthesize is barely perceptible in the hemocytes and fat body.

Tenebrio molitor PGRP-LE Plays a Critical Role in Gut Antimicrobial Peptide Production in Response to Escherichia coli