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Esterases (ESTs) play important roles in metabolizing various physiologically endogenous and exogenous compounds, and various environmental xenobiotics in insects. The psocid,  Liposcelis bostrychophila  is a major pest of stored products worldwide and rapidly develops resistance to commonly insecticides. However, the involvement of ESTs in insecticide metabolization and the application of RNAi approach in psocids have not been well elucidated. In this study, we characterized four  LbEST  genes and investigated the transcriptional levels of these genes at different developmental stages and under different insecticides exposures to assess their potential roles in response to insecticides. The four  LbESTs  contain a catalytic triad (Ser-His-Glu) linked to an oxyanion hole and acyl pocket involved in substrate stabilization during its hydrolysis. Synergism observed with the esterase-inhibitor DEF suggests the involvement of esterases in malathion detoxification.  LbESTs  were expressed during the whole of developmental stages, but predominant abundance in the first nymphal instar and adult stage. The mRNA level of three  LbEST  genes (except for  LbEST4 ) was induced (1.29- to 5.60 fold) in response to malathion or deltamethrin exposures, indicating that these esterases are involved in the detoxification process. Silencing of  LbEST1 ,  LbEST2  or  LbEST3  through dsRNA feeding led to a higher mortality of psocids upon the malathion treatment compared to controls (1.83 to 2.69-fold), demonstrating that these esterase genes play roles in malathion detoxification in  L. bostrychophila . Our study provides new evidence for understanding of the function and regulation mechanism of esterases in  L. bostrychophila  in insecticide detoxification. The current study also suggests that the present RNAi method could be applied for gene functional studies in psocids.

Characterization of Esterase Genes Involving Malathion Detoxification and Establishment of an RNA Interference Method in Liposcelis bostrychophila