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The consequences of low partial pressure of O 2  include low arterial O 2  saturations (SaO 2 ), low blood O 2  content (CaO 2 ), elevated mean pulmonary artery pressure (PAP), and decreased O 2  consumption VO 2 . 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furfural (5-HMF) binds to the N-terminal valine of hemoglobin (HgB) and increases its affinity to O 2 . We used an instrumented, sedated swine model to study the effect of 5-HMF on cardiovascular parameters during exposure to acute normobaric hypoxia (NH).    Methods  Twenty-three sedated and instrumented swine were randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups and received equal volume of normal saline (VEH), 20 mg/kg 5-HMF (5-HMF-20) or 40 mg/kg 5-HMF (5-HMF-40). Animals then breathed 10% FiO 2  for 120 min. Parameters recorded were Cardiac Output (CO), Mean Arterial Blood Pressure (MAP), Heart Rate (HR), Mean Pulmonary Artery Pressure (PAP), SaO 2  and saturation of mixed venous blood (SvO 2 ). The P 50  was measured at fixed time intervals prior to and during NH.    Results  5-HMF decreased P 50 . In the first 30 min of NH, treatment with 5-HMF-20 and 5-HMF-40 resulted in a (1) significantly smaller decrement in SaO 2  and SvO 2 , (2) significantly lower HR and CO, and (3) smaller increase in PAP compared to VEH. In the 120 min of NH there was a trend toward improved mortality with 5-HMF treatment.    Conclusion  5-HMF treatment decreased P 50 , improved SaO 2 , and mitigated increases in PAP in this swine model of NH.

Cardiovascular Parameters in a Swine Model of Normobaric Hypoxia Treated With 5-Hydroxymethyl-2-Furfural (5-HMF)