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Seasonal temperature changes markedly effect the swimming performance of some cyprinid fish acutely tested at different temperatures, involving a restructuring of skeletal muscle phenotype including changes in contractile properties and myosin heavy chain expression. We analyzed the transcriptome of fast myotomal muscle from goldfish ( Carassius auratus  L.) acclimated to either 8 or 25°C for 4 weeks (12 h light: 12 h dark) and identified 10 myosin heavy chains ( myh ) and 13 myosin light chain ( myl ) transcripts. Goldfish orthologs were classified based on zebrafish nomenclature as  myhz1.1α ,  myhz1.1β ,  myhz1.1γ ,  myha ,  myhb ,  embryo_myh1, myh9b, smyh2 ,  symh3 , and  myh11  (myosin heavy chains)  and myl1a ,  myl1b ,  myl2 ,  myl9a ,  myl9b ,  myl3 ,  myl13 ,  myl6, myl12.1a, myl12.1b, myl12.2a, myl12.2b , and  myl10  (myosin light chains). The most abundantly expressed transcripts  myhz1.1α ,  myhz1.1β ,  myhz1.1γ ,  myha ,  myl1a ,  myl1b ,  myl2 , and  myl3 ) were further investigated in fast skeletal muscle of goldfish acclimated to either 4, 8, 15, or 30°C for 12 weeks (12 h light:12 h dark). Total copy number for the myosin heavy chains showed a distinct optimum at 15°C ( P  < 0.01). Together m yhz1.1α  and  myhz1.1β  comprised 90 to 97% of myhc transcripts below 15°C, but only 62% at 30°C. Whereas  myhz1.1α  and  myhz1.1β  were equally abundant at 4 and 8°C,  myhz1.1β  transcripts were 17 and 12 times higher than  myhz1.1α  at 15 and 30°C, respectively, ( P  < 0.01). M yhz1.1γ  expression was at least nine-fold higher at 30°C than at cooler temperatures ( P  < 0.01). In contrast, the expression of  myha  and myosin light chains showed no consistent pattern with acclimation temperature. A phylogenetic analysis indicated that the previously reported ability of goldfish and common carp to alter contractile properties and myofibrillar ATPase activity with temperature acclimation was related to the duplication of a single  myhz1.1  fast muscle myosin heavy chain found in basal cyprinids such as the zebrafish ( Danio rerio ).

frontiers in physiology

Duplication of a Single myhz1.1 Gene Facilitated the Ability of Goldfish (Carassius auratus) to Alter Fast Muscle Contractile Properties With Seasonal Temperature Change