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Akirin is an essential nuclear protein involved in the regulation of NF-κB signaling pathway. In most invertebrates, Akirin regulates NF-κB-related Imd and Toll pathways, however, in  Drosophila , it only controls the Imd pathway, whereas its role in NF-κB signaling pathway in other insect species is unclear. In the present study, we used white-backed planthopper  Sogatella furcifera  as a model to investigate the functional activity of Akirin in insects. The sequence of  Akirin  cDNA was extracted from transcriptome database of  S. furcifera ; it contained a 585 bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding a putative protein of 194 amino acids.  S. furcifera  Akirin (SfAkirin) had a molecular weight of about 21.69 kDa and a theoretical pI of 8.66 and included a nuclear localization signal (NLS) of five amino acid residues at the N-terminal region. Evolutionary analysis showed that SfAkirin was evolutionary closer to Akirins of such relatively distant species as crustaceans than to those of some insect orders like Diptera and Hymenoptera. Tissue-specific expression analysis showed that the  SfAkirin  gene was expressed in all examined tissues, with the highest expression levels detected in the testis, followed by the ovary, whereas the lowest expression was found in the head. Real-time quantitative PCR analysis showed that  SfAkirin  mRNA was strongly induced in response to injection of heat-inactivated  Escherichia coli  and  Bacillus subtilis , whereas  SfAkirin  silencing by RNA interference significantly reduced the expression of NF-κB dependent transcription factors  Dorsal  and  Relish  after  B. subtilis  and  E. coli  challenge, respectively. Our results suggest that SfAkirin may control the immune response of  S. furcifera  against bacterial infection via both Imd and Toll signaling pathways.

Characterization of the Akirin Gene and Its Role in the NF-κB Signaling Pathway of Sogatella furcifera