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Purpose:  In this study wearable global navigation satellite system units were used on athletes to investigate pacing patterns by describing exercise intensities in flat and uphill terrain during a simulated cross-country ski race.   Methods:  Eight well-trained male skiers (age: 23.0 ± 4.8 years, height: 183.8 ± 6.8 cm, weight: 77.1 ± 6.1 kg, VO 2peak : 73 ± 5 mL⋅kg -1 ⋅min -1 ) completed a 13.5-km individual time trial outdoors and a standardized indoor treadmill protocol on roller skis. Positional data were recorded during the time trial using a differential global navigation satellite system to calculate external workloads in flat and uphill terrain. From treadmill tests, the individual relationships between oxygen consumption and external workload in flat (1°) and uphill (8°) terrain were determined, in addition to VO 2peak  and the maximal accumulated O 2 -deficit. To estimate the exercise intensity in the time trial, the O 2 -demand in two different flat and five different uphill sections was calculated by extrapolation of individual O 2 -consumption/workload ratios.   Results:  There was a significant interaction between section and average O 2 -demands, with higher O 2 -demands in the uphill sections (110–160% of VO 2peak ) than in the flat sections (≤100% of VO 2peak ) ( p  < 0.01). The maximal accumulated O 2 -deficit associated with uphill treadmill roller skiing was significantly higher compared to flat (6.2 ± 0.5 vs. 4.6 ± 0.5 L,  p  < 0.01), while no significant difference was found in VO 2peak .   Conclusion:  Cross-country (XC) skiers repeatedly applied exercise intensities exceeding their maximal aerobic power. ΣO 2 -deficits were higher during uphill skiing compared to flat which has implications for the duration and magnitude of supramaximal work rates that can be applied in different types of terrain.

Exercise Intensity During Cross-Country Skiing Described by Oxygen Demands in Flat and Uphill Terrain