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Aphidius gifuensis  is one of the most important aphid natural enemies and has been successfully used to control  Myzys persicae  and other aphid species. High temperature in summer is one of the key barriers for the application of  A. gifuensis  in the field and greenhouse. In this work, we investigated the biological performance of  A. gifuensis  and the response of heat-shock proteins and antioxidant enzymes under high temperature. The results showed that  A. gifuensis  could not survive at 40°C and female exhibited a higher survival in 35°C. Furthermore, the short term exposure to high temperature negatively affected the performance of  A. gifuensis  especially parasitism efficiency. Under short-term heating, the expression of  AgifsHSP, Agifl(2)efl, AgifHSP70, AgifHSP70-4  and  AgifHSP90  showed an increased trend, whereas  AgifHSP10  initially increased and then decreased. In 35°C, the expressions of  Agifl(2)efl, AgifHSP70-4  and  AgifHSP90  in female were higher than those in male, whereas the expression of  AgifHSP70  exhibited an opposite trend. Besides the HSPs, we also quantified the expression levels of 11 antioxidant enzyme genes:  AgifPOD, AgifSOD1, AgifSOD2, AgifSOD3, AgifCAT1, AgifCAT2, AgifGST1, AgifGST2, AgifGST3, AgifGST4  and  AgifGST5 . We found that the sex-specific expression of  AgifSOD2, AgifSOD3, AgifPOD, AgifGST1  and  AgifGST3  were highly consistent with sex-specific heat shock survival rates at 35°C. Furthermore, when the temperature was above 30°C, the activities of GST, SOD, CAT and POD were significantly increased; however, there was no significant difference of the CAT activity between the male and female at 35°C. Collectively, all of these results suggested that the protection of thermal damage is coordinated by HSPs and antioxidant enzymes in  A. gifuensis . Based on the heat tolerance abilities of many aphid natural enemies, we also discussed an integrated application strategy of many aphid enemies in summer.

The Potential Coordination of the Heat-Shock Proteins and Antioxidant Enzyme Genes of Aphidius gifuensis in Response to Thermal Stress