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Sexual size dimorphism is the consequence of differential expression of sex-biased genes related to feeding and growth. Leptin is known to regulate energy balance by regulating food intake. In order to investigate the molecular mechanism of sexual size dimorphism in yellow catfish ( Pelteobagrus fulvidraco ), the expression of  leptin  ( lep ) and its functional receptor ( lepr ) were detected during larval development. Both  lep  and  lepr  have lower expression in males than in females during 1–4 weeks post hatching. 17a-Methyltestosterone (MT) treatment resulted in decreased expression of  lep  and  lepr  in both male and female larval fish. Interestingly, the mRNA levels of  lep  and  lepr  in juvenile male were significantly decreased compared with juvenile female during short-term fasting periods.  Lep  was predicted to be a potential target of miR-200a and miR-200b that had an opposite expression pattern to  lep  in male and female larvas. The results of luciferase reporter assay suggested that  lep  is a target of miR-200a/-200b. Subsequently, male hormone and fasting treatment have opposite effects on the expression of miR-200a/-200b and  lep  between males and females. In summary, our results suggest that sexual size dimorphism in fish species is probably caused by the sexually dimorphic expression of  leptin , which could be negatively regulated by miR-200a/-200b.

Potential Contributions of miR-200a/-200b and Their Target Gene–Leptin to the Sexual Size Dimorphism in Yellow Catfish