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In the setting of “living high,” it is unclear whether high-intensity interval training (HIIT) should be performed “low” or “high” to stimulate muscular and performance adaptations. Therefore, 10 physically active males participated in a 5-week “live high-train low or high” program (TR), whilst eight subjects were not engaged in any altitude or training intervention (CON). Five days per week (~15.5 h per day), TR was exposed to normobaric hypoxia simulating progressively increasing altitude of ~2,000–3,250 m. Three times per week, TR performed HIIT, administered as unilateral knee-extension training, with one leg in normobaric hypoxia (~4,300 m; TR HYP ) and with the other leg in normoxia (TR NOR ). “Living high” elicited a consistent elevation in serum erythropoietin concentrations which adequately predicted the increase in hemoglobin mass ( r  = 0.78,  P  < 0.05; TR: +2.6%,  P  < 0.05; CON: −0.7%,  P  > 0.05). Muscle oxygenation during training was lower in TR HYP  vs. TR NOR  ( P  < 0.05). Muscle homogenate buffering capacity and pH-regulating protein abundance were similar between pretest and posttest. Oscillations in muscle blood volume during repeated sprints, as estimated by oscillations in NIRS-derived tHb, increased from pretest to posttest in TR HYP  (~80%,  P  < 0.01) but not in TR NOR  (~50%,  P  = 0.08). Muscle capillarity (~15%) as well as repeated-sprint ability (~8%) and 3-min maximal performance (~10–15%) increased similarly in both legs ( P  < 0.05). Maximal isometric strength increased in TR HYP  (~8%,  P  < 0.05) but not in TR NOR  (~4%,  P  > 0.05). In conclusion, muscular and performance adaptations were largely similar following normoxic vs. hypoxic HIIT. However, hypoxic HIIT stimulated adaptations in isometric strength and muscle perfusion during intermittent sprinting.

Physiological Adaptations to Hypoxic vs. Normoxic Training during Intermittent Living High