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A quarter of a century has passed since bombyxin, the first insulin-like peptide identified in insects, was discovered in the silkmoth  Bombyx mori . During these years, bombyxin has been studied for its structure, genes, distribution, hemolymph titers, secretion control, as well as physiological functions, thereby stimulating a wide range of studies on insulin-like peptides in other insects. Moreover, recent studies have identified a new class of insulin family peptides, IGF-like peptides, in  B. mori  and  Drosophila melanogaster , broadening the base of the research area of the insulin-related peptides in insects. In this review, we describe the achievements of the studies on insulin-like and IGF-like peptides mainly in  B. mori  with short histories of their discovery. Our emphasis is that bombyxins, secreted by the brain neurosecretory cells, regulate nutrient-dependent growth and metabolism, whereas the IGF-like peptides, secreted by the fat body and other peripheral tissues, regulate stage-dependent growth of tissues.

Insulin-like and IGF-like peptides in the silkmoth Bombyx mori: discovery, structure, secretion, and function