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The initial dry density has a significant effect on the mechanical behavior of rockfill material (RFM). The size effects on the minimum/maximum dry density (referred to as dry density,  ρ   d  ) of RFM still need further study. To investigate the relationship between  ρ   d   and  d   M  , a series of surface vibration compaction tests and DEM simulations are performed on the samples with different maximum particle sizes  d   M  . Both the physical and numerical results exhibit that  ρ   d   increases fast when  d   M   ranges from 10 to 40 mm. When  d   M   exceeds 40 mm,  ρ   d   increases slowly and tends to be a constant. Results indicate that  ρ   d   is affected by the gradation. To consider the gradation effect, a normalized parameter  λ  is introduced, and the relation between  ρ   d   and  d   M   can be characterized by an empirical equation.

Experimental Study and DEM Simulation of Size Effects on the Dry Density of Rockfill Material