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Bone-marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) exert anti-tuberculosis effects due to their potential to repair damaged tissues and modulate inflammatory immune responses. MSCs were reported to be recruited to the  Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb)  affected sites in the organism. However, due to limitations of presently applied  in vivo  imaging techniques the trafficking and biodistribution of MSCs in  Mtb -infected organisms is not possible. In the current study MSCs were labeled with superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) as a negative MR contrast agent for imaging the biodistribution of MSCs  in vivo . Trafficking of SPIONs-labeled MSCs was analyzed in a preclinical model of renal tuberculosis in male Chinchilla rabbits ( n  = 18) following intravenous administration on the days 0, 2, 3, and 7 employing a highly sensitive method of non-linear longitudinal magnetic response (NLR-M 2 ) measurements. Within 48 h after injection, nanoparticle-labeled MSCs accumulated predominantly in lung, spleen, liver tissues, and paratracheal lymph nodes with subsequent decrease over the observation period of 7 days. The recruitment of MSCs to  Mtb -affected organs was further proven by immunohistological analysis. NLR-M 2  allowed the detection of SPIONs-labeled cells at low concentrations in different organs and tissues giving insights of  in vivo  mesenchymal stem cells trafficking in organism after TB infection.

Evaluation of the Biodistribution of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in a Pre-clinical Renal Tuberculosis Model by Non-linear Magnetic Response Measurements